Hiding in a chapel at the back of the garden was de La Horie, who had conspired to restore the Bourbons and been condemned to death a few years earlier. Madame Hugo and her children were sent back to Paris in 1808, where they moved to an old convent, 12 Impasse des Feuillantines, an isolated mansion in a deserted quarter of the left bank of the Seine. Soon Hugo's father was called to Spain to fight the Peninsular War. General Joseph-Leopold Hugo, father of Victor Hugo Sophie found out that Leopold had been living in secret with an Englishwoman called Catherine Thomas. There, Victor was taught mathematics by Giuseppe de Samuele Cagnazzi, elder brother of Italian scientist Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi. In October 1807, the family rejoined Leopold, now Colonel Hugo, Governor of the province of Avellino.
There, she began seeing General Victor Fanneau de La Horie, Hugo's godfather, who had been a comrade of General Hugo's during the campaign in Vendee. Weary of the constant moving required by military life, Sophie separated temporarily from Léopold and settled in Paris in 1803 with her sons. Hugo later titled himself as a viscount, and it was as "Vicomte Victor Hugo" that he was appointed a peer of France on 13 April 1845. In 1810, Hugo's father was made Count Hugo de Cogolludo y Sigüenza by then King of Spain Joseph Bonaparte, though it seems that the Spanish title was not legally recognized in France. "This elevated origin," he went on, "seems to have had effects on you so that your muse is now continually sublime." Hugo believed himself to have been conceived on 24 June 1801, which is the origin of Jean Valjean's prisoner number 24601.
Léopold Hugo wrote to his son that he had been conceived on one of the highest peaks in the Vosges Mountains, on a journey from Lunéville to Besançon. Since Hugo's father was an officer in Napoleon's army, the family moved frequently from posting to posting. They met in Châteaubriant in 1796 and married the following year. Victor's mother Sophie was loyal to the deposed dynasty but would declare her children to be Protestants. He was an atheist and an ardent supporter of the Republic. Léopold enlisted in the army of Revolutionary France at fourteen. The Hugo family came from Nancy in Lorraine, where Victor Hugo's grandfather was a wood merchant. He was the youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828), a general in the Napoleonic army, and Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821). Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February 1802 in Besançon in Eastern France. He was given a state funeral in the Panthéon of Paris, which was attended by over 2 million people, the largest in French history. His opposition to absolutism and his literary stature established him as a national hero.
His work touched upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. Though he was a committed royalist when young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism, serving in politics as both deputy and senator. He produced more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment. Many of his works have inspired music, both during his lifetime and after his death, including the opera Rigoletto and the musicals Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris. Hugo was at the forefront of the Romantic literary movement with his play Cromwell and drama Hernani. In France, Hugo is renowned for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations ( The Contemplations) and La Légende des siècles ( The Legend of the Ages). His most famous works are the novels The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) and Les Misérables (1862).
He is considered to be one of the greatest French writers of all time. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. Victor-Marie Hugo ( French: ( listen) 26 February 1802 – ) was a French Romantic writer and politician.
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